computer history

Computer history
Computers term comes from the Latin "computare", which means the calculators, as more computer initially used as a device to help in terms of the calculation of the figures before finally becoming a multifunctional device. Computers today are the result of long evolution of computer time immemorial, the beginning was the mechanical and electronic instruments. Here is an example of the invention of the computer.
a. Abacus. Abacus or Abacus is an ancient tool for the calculation is made of a wooden frame with a shaft that contains a series of beads - the beads can slide. This tool is used to perform arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division kuadrat.Muncul root about 5,000 years ago in China and are still used in some places today. Abacus can be regarded as the beginning of a computing machine (counting). Users perform calculations using grains - grains slide arranged on a shelf. The traders in the past using the abacus to calculate trade transactions. Along with the emergence of a pencil and paper, the abacus lost its popularity. Or Abacus Abacus

b. Artificial Charles Babbage's machine. The number of errors with manual calculations that inspired the scientist Charles Babbage to find a mechanical calculating machine that can reduce calculation errors. excellent mechanical machine in the same tasks repeatedly without mistake. whereas mathematics requires a simple repetition of a step - specific steps. The problem then developed to put the machine mechanics. Then Babbage got inspiration from the development of calculating machines that dikerjakanoleh Wilhem Schickard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz,. Charles Babbage proposed a machine to perform the calculation of differential equations that arise in 1822. The machine was called differensial.Dengan machines using steam power, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically. After working with the differential engine for ten years, Babbage was inspired to start making computer generation purpose (multifunction) first, which is called analitycal engine.Atas enormous contribution this invention, the Charles Babbage called the father of modern computer. Charles Babbage
Analytical machine (Analytical Engine)
, After the discovery by Mr. Charles Babbage, no new discoveries are deemed significant to the development of the computer world. Until the advent scientist named Howard H.Aiken (1900-1973), a Harvard engineer working with IBM, succeeded in producing electronic calculators for for the US Navy. The calculator is a length of half a football field and has a range of 500 miles of wiring. The Harvard-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), or Mark I, an electronic relay computer. He uses electromagnetic signals to move mechanical components. The machines operate with a slow (taking 3-5 seconds per calculation) and inflexible (order calculations can not be changed). The calculator can perform basic arithmetic and more complex equations. This computer actually is the desire of Charles Babbage. Computer Generation
Computers in for a few generations based on the history of its development. At each generation is distinguished by the ability of the technology to perform a series of processes (capability), the lower the operating costs (efficiency) and more easy to use (user friendly). Here are some of the developments of computer generation.
a. Beginning Computer Generation I computer was created at the time of World War II, the state - yangf countries involved in the war sought to develop computers to exploit their potential strategic computer. It increases funding for the development of computers and accelerate the advancement of computer technology. In 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer to build a computer Z3, to design airplanes and missiles. Allies also made other advances in computer development. In 1943, the British completed a secret code-breaking computer called Colossus untukmemecahkan secret code used German. Computer development begins with the creation of the first generation of computers called the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC). This computer was made by the United States government in collaboration with the University of Pennysylvania in 1946. ENIAC consisted of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints.

Is a huge machine and requires a power of 160 kW. This computer was designed by John P.Eckert (1919-1995) and John W.Mauchly (1907-1980). ENIAC is a versatile computer (general-purpose computer) that work 1000 times faster than the Mark 1.
The mid-1940s, John von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the University of Pennysylvania team, initiating concepts in computer design 40 years is still used in computer engineering. Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic comnputer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to accommodate either program or data. This technique allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume her job back. The main key Von Neumann architecture is the central processing unit (Central processor unit / CPU), which allowed all computer functions are coordinated through a single source. In 1951, the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer that utilizes the Von Neumann architecture model. UNIVAC owned by the US Census Bureau and General Electric. One impressive satuhasil UNIVAC computer, which is predicted Eisenhower victory in the US presidential elections in 1952. Computer Generation I has a characteristic, namely the operating instructions are made specifically for a particular task. Each computer has a binary-coded program each - each different so-called "machine language" (Machine Language). This causes the computer is difficult to be programmed and the speed limit. The following characteristics of the first generation of computers in general. 1) the circuit Using Vacuum Tubes. Use of the Vacuum Tube which makes the size of a computer in the past are very large. 2) The computer has a magnetic cylinder for storing data. 3) The program can only be made using machine language. 4) The operating instructions are made specifically for a particular task. 5) Using Stored Program Concept with main memory Magnetic Core Storage. 6) Using Magnetic Tape Saves Affairs and Magnetic Disk. 7) The physical size of a large computer, require vast space. 8) The temperature heat up quickly, so that the necessary cooling. 9) The process is not fast enough. 10) Carrying a small shelf. 11) Require a large electric power.
Some computers that include first-generation computer is EDSAC, ACE, SEC, Havard Mark II, Mark III Havard, UNIVAC, and so forth.
Second generation computer language used machine is an assembly language. Used in assembly language code in the form of abbreviations replace the binary code. Computers are able to design a product, calculate payroll, print data so that the second generation computers successful in the market. Features: 1) The physical size is smaller than the first generation of computers for the use of a transistor in the circuit 2) Using a large enough memory 3) has been using external storage media such as removable disk shaped disk and magnetic tape megnetic 4) The use of application is more beyond 5 ) process faster operation 6) The use of smaller power 7) Programs that can be made using high-level languages ​​such as Fortan, COBOL, and ALGOL.
Some examples of second-generation computers was the IBM 7080, IBM 1400, UNIVAC SS90, UNIVAC III, PDP-1, the PDP-8, Burroghts 200, and so forth.