Computer generation

Computer Generation
 Computers in for a few generations based on the history of its development. At each generation is distinguished by the ability of the technology to perform a series of processes (capability), the lower the operating costs (efficiency) and more easy to use (user friendly). Here are some of the developments of computer generation.a. Beginning Computer Generation I computer was created at the time of World War II, countries - the countries involved in the war sought to develop computers to exploit their potential strategic computer. It increases funding for the development of computers and accelerate the advancement of computer technology. In 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer to build a computer Z3, to design airplanes and missiles. Allies also made other advances in computer development. In 1943, the British completed a secret code-breaking computer called Colossus untukmemecahkan secret code used German. Computer development begins with the creation of the first generation of computers called the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC). This computer was made by the United States government in collaboration with the University of Pennysylvania in 1946. ENIAC consisted of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints.Is a huge machine and requires a power of 160 kW. This computer was designed by John P.Eckert (1919-1995) and John W.Mauchly (1907-1980). ENIAC is a versatile computer (general-purpose computer) that work 1000 times faster than the Mark 1.The mid-1940s, John von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the University of Pennysylvania team, initiating concepts in computer design 40 years is still used in computer engineering. Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic comnputer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to accommodate either program or data. This technique allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume her job back. The main key Von Neumann architecture is the central processing unit (Central processor unit / CPU), which allowed all computer functions are coordinated through a single source. In 1951, the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer that utilizes the Von Neumann architecture model. UNIVAC owned by the US Census Bureau and General Electric. One impressive satuhasil UNIVAC computer, which is predicted Eisenhower victory in the US presidential elections in 1952. Computer Generation I has a characteristic, namely the operating instructions are made specifically for a particular task. Each computer has a binary-coded program each - each different so-called "machine language" (Machine Language). This causes the computer is difficult to be programmed and the speed limit. The following characteristics of the first generation of computers in general. 1) the circuit Using Vacuum Tubes. Use of the Vacuum Tube which makes the size of a computer in the past are very large. 2) The computer has a magnetic cylinder for storing data. 3) The program can only be made using machine language. 4) The operating instructions are made specifically for a particular task. 5) Using Stored Program Concept with main memory Magnetic Core Storage. 6) Using Magnetic Tape Saves Affairs and Magnetic Disk. 7) The physical size of a large computer, require vast space. 8) The temperature heat up quickly, so that the necessary cooling. 9) The process is not fast enough. 10) Carrying a small shelf. 11) Require a large electric power.Some computers that include first-generation computer is EDSAC, ACE, SEC, Havard Mark II, Mark III Havard, UNIVAC, and so forth.b. Both genarasi computer1. History of the Second Generation ComputersThe second generation. In 1948, there were 3 American physicist (Walter Houser Brattain, Jhone Barden, William Brandford inventor of the transistor is very influential on the future development of the computer. The transistor replaced the vacuum tube in televisions, radios and computers, so the result, changing the size of the electric machines was sized to a size smaller. The second generation, which is a computer that uses transistors as Processornya (1956 - 1958 AD). The transistor used in computers began in 1956.Another invention is the development of magnetic-core memory to help the development of second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than their predecessors.The first machine that utilizes this new technology is a supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC. These computers, which were developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability much in demand by atomic scientists. The machine is very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting. There are only two LARC has ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other in the US Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC The second-generation computers replaced the machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations to replace the binary code.In the early 1960s, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, in universities and in government. The second generation of computers is a fully computer using transistor. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and programs.One important example was the IBM 1401 is widely accepted in the industry. In 1965, almost all large businesses use computers to process the second generation of financial information. The program stored in the computer and programming language that is in it gives flexibility to the computer.Flexibility is increased performance at a reasonable price for business use. With this concept, the computer can print customer invoices and minutes later design products or calculate paychecks.The first digital computer has a large size and high cost to make it. Use of computer in this generation is mostly used for scientific calculations. ENIAC example, US initial computer originally designed to take into account ballistics tables for weapons (artillery), compute density neutron cross-section to see if the hydrogen bomb would work properly (this calculation, conducted in December 1945 to January 1946 and involves dala in more than one million punch cards, showing the shape under consideration would fail).2. Characteristics Second Generation ComputersTransistors are the hallmark of the second generation computer. Raw material consists of three layers, namely: "basic", "collector" and "emmiter". Transistor is an acronym for Transfer Resistor, which means that by affecting the durability between two of the three layers, the power (resistor) which is in the next layer can also be affected.Thus, the function of the transistor is a signal amplifier. As solid components, transistors have many advantages such as: not easily broken, do not distribute the heat. and thus, existing computers become smaller and cheaper.In the 1960s, IBM introduced a commercial computer that utilizes transistor and widespread use began circulating in the market. Computer IBM- made in 7090 the United States is one of the commercial computer utilizing transistors.This computer is designed to solve all sorts of jobs whether they are scientific or commercial. Because of its speed and ability, causing IBM 7090 became very popular. Other second-generation computers were: IBM Serie 1400, Serie NCR 304, MARK IV and Honeywell Model 800.3. Second Generation Computer Programming LanguagesSome programming languages ​​began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) came into common use. This programming language replaces complicated machine code with words, sentences, and mathematical formulas are more easily understood by humans. This allows a person to program a computer. Various New types of careers (programmer, analyst, and computer systems expert). Software industry also began to emerge and develop in the future.4. Computer Storage Systems Second Generation- The capacity of the main memory is developed from Magnetic Core Storage.- Using external storage in the form of Magnetic Tapes and Magnetic Disks.Compared with tube transistors, transistor technology is much more efficient as a switch and can be scaled down to a microscopic scale. In 2001, Intel researchers have introduced silicon smallest and fastest in the world, with a size of 20 nanometers ata comparable to the billionth of a meter, which will be used on a processor with a speed of 20 GHz (Giga Hertz). This era also marks the beginning of the emergence of minicomputers which is the second largest in the family computer. Cheaper than the first generation. Computer DEC PDP-8 was the first minicomputer created in 1964 for commercial data processing.The types of other computers that appear in this generation include UNIVAC III, UNIVAC SS80, SS90, and in 1107, IBM 7070, 7080, 1400, and 1600.5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Second Generation ComputersThe advantages of the computer era, this is an efficient shape that is not as big as before, the computer in this generation is also wider applicability in life. Such aspects of education, health, industry and others. While the weakness of the computer during this time is that many transistors generate substantial heat, which can potentially damage the internal parts of the computer that is quartz rock (quartz stones).Second generation computer language used machine is an assembly language. Used in assembly language code in the form of abbreviations replace the binary code. Computers are able to design a product, calculate payroll, print data so that the second generation computers successful in the market. Features: 1) The physical size is smaller than the first generation of computers for the use of a transistor in the circuit 2) Using a large enough memory 3) has been using external storage media such as removable disk shaped disk and magnetic tape megnetic 4) The use of application is more beyond 5 ) process faster operation 6) The use of smaller power 7) Programs that can be made using high-level languages ​​such as Fortan, COBOL, and ALGOL.Some examples of second-generation computers was the IBM 7080, IBM 1400, UNIVAC SS90, UNIVAC III, PDP-1, the PDP-8, Burroghts 200, and so forth.